Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) - Gas-liquid two-phase flows
Existing LB models for multiphase flows can be generally classified into four categories:
- color-gradient LB model (Ref: Gunstensen, 1991, Phys. Rev. A; Grunau, 1993, Phys. Fluids A)
- pseudo-potential LB model (Ref: Shan & Chen, 1993, Phys. Rev. E; Shan & Chen, 1994, Phys. Rev. E)
- free-energy LB model (Ref: Swift, 1995, Phys. Rev. Lett.; Swift, 1996, Phys. Rev. E)
- phase-field LB model (Ref: He, 1999, J. Comput. Phys.)
Pseudo-potential model
In the pseudo-potential model (also called Shan–Chen model), interfaces can naturally arise, deform, and migrate, thereby improving the computational efficiency. Specifically, the fluid interactions are described by an artificial inter-particle potential and the phase separation is naturally achieved by imposing a short-range attraction among different phases.
However, there are two issues associated with the original pseudo-potential model. One is that this model is applicable to low-density-ratio interfacial problems only, while the other is that in this model surface tension cannot be varied independently of the density ratio. Efforts to address these issues include Li et al., 2013, Phys. Rev. E; Li & Luo, 2013, Phys. Rev. E; Xu et al., 2015, Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow.
Droplet collision
The frequency for the nth mode of droplet oscillation is given by Miller and Scriven (1968).
Droplet Impact
Boiling